To avoid this, the proponent of the spectrum model must in fact be assuming that gender is both a binary and a spectrum. It is entirely possible for a property to be described in both continuous and binary ways. One example is height: clearly height is a continuum, and individuals can fall anywhere along that continuum; but we also have the binary labels Tall and Short. Might gender operate in a similar way?
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Further, when we observe the analogy with height we can see that, when observing the entire population, only a small minority of people would be accurately described as Tall or Short. Given that height really is a spectrum, and the binary labels are ascribed comparatively, only the handful of people at either end of the spectrum can be meaningfully labelled Tall or Short. The rest of us, falling along all the points in between, are the non-binary height people, and we are typical. In fact, it is the binary Tall and Short people who are rare and unusual. And if we extend the analogy to gender, we see that being non-binary gendered is actually the norm, not the exception.
If you identify as pangender, is the claim that you represent every possible point on the spectrum? All at the same time? How might that be possible, given that the extremes necessarily represent incompatible opposites of one another? Pure femininity is passivity, weakness and submission, while pure masculinity is aggression, strength and dominance. It is simply impossible to be all of these things at the same time. If you disagree with these definitions of masculinity and femininity, and do not accept that masculinity should be defined in terms of dominance while femininity should be described in terms of submission, you are welcome to propose other definitions. But whatever you come up with, they are going to represent opposites of one another.
Once we recognise that the number of gender identities is potentially infinite, we are forced to concede that nobody is deep down cisgender, because nobody is assigned the correct gender identity at birth. In fact, none of us was assigned a gender identity at birth at all. We were placed into one of two sex classes on the basis of our potential reproductive function, determined by our external genitals. We were then raised in accordance with the socially prescribed gender norms for people of that sex. We are all educated and inculcated into one of two roles, long before we are able to express our beliefs about our innate gender identity, or to determine for ourselves the precise point at which we fall on the gender continuum. So defining transgender people as those who at birth were not assigned the correct place on the gender spectrum has the implication that every single one of us is transgender; there are no cisgender people.
The logical conclusion of all this is: if gender is a spectrum, not a binary, then everyone is trans. Or alternatively, there are no trans people. Either way, this a profoundly unsatisfactory conclusion, and one that serves both to obscure the reality of female oppression, as well as to erase and invalidate the experiences of transsexual people.
The solution is not to reify gender by insisting on ever more gender categories that define the complexity of human personality in rigid and essentialist ways. The solution is to abolish gender altogether. We do not need gender. We would be better off without it. Gender as a hierarchy with two positions operates to naturalise and perpetuate the subordination of female people to male people, and constrains the development of individuals of both sexes. Reconceiving of gender as an identity spectrum represents no improvement.
Electromagnetic energy travels in waves and spans a broad spectrum from very long radio waves to very short gamma rays. The human eye can only detect only a small portion of this spectrum called visible light. A radio detects a different portion of the spectrum, and an x-ray machine uses yet another portion. NASA's scientific instruments use the full range of the electromagnetic spectrum to study the Earth, the solar system, and the universe beyond.
Our Sun is a source of energy across the full spectrum, and its electromagnetic radiation bombards our atmosphere constantly. However, the Earth's atmosphere protects us from exposure to a range of higher energy waves that can be harmful to life. Gamma rays, x-rays, and some ultraviolet waves are "ionizing," meaning these waves have such a high energy that they can knock electrons out of atoms. Exposure to these high-energy waves can alter atoms and molecules and cause damage to cells in organic matter. These changes to cells can sometimes be helpful, as when radiation is used to kill cancer cells, and other times not, as when we get sunburned.
Electromagnetic radiation is reflected or absorbed mainly by several gases in the Earth's atmosphere, among the most important being water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone. Some radiation, such as visible light, largely passes (is transmitted) through the atmosphere. These regions of the spectrum with wavelengths that can pass through the atmosphere are referred to as "atmospheric windows." Some microwaves can even pass through clouds, which make them the best wavelength for transmitting satellite communication signals.
The Two Treatises of Government were published in 1689, longafter the rebellion plotted by the Country party leaders had failed tomaterialize and after Shaftsbury had fled the country for Holland anddied. The introduction of the Two Treatises was written afterthe Glorious Revolution of 1688, and gave the impression that the bookwas written to justify the Glorious Revolution. We now know that theTwo Treatises of Government were written during the Exclusioncrisis in 1681 and may have been intended in part to justify thegeneral armed rising which the Country Party leaders wereplanning.
Generally speaking, large-scale conventional war is rather easy to understand. The term evokes images of tank battles, artillery barrages, planes bombing targets, and large masses of men clashing in battle as depicted in countless movies and books. Similarly, discussions of counterinsurgency (COIN) and stability operations often need little clarification given U.S. involvement in such operations for nearly 14 years in the larger Middle East and Central Asia regions.
Given the high possibility of sustained small conflicts (gray, irregular, and hybrid), the potential incidence of limited and major conflict also increases, because any American Administration can find itself without adequate means to deter or defeat attacks from opportunists or aggressor states.58 Moreover, readiness funding levels to cover the full range of training tasks needed for the spectrum of threats for which the military must be prepared are lacking.
66 short stories and there are stories not mentioned that, perhaps, need comment and interpretation.1 Bergonzi could have included more material from his excellent bibliographical study of variant texts of THE TIME MACHINE.2 And it would also be useful to have more of Bergonzi's conclusions about some of !tells' late attempts at romances such as THE CROQUET PLAYER, which, though mutilated by propagandizing, remains an excellent book. No major biographical material is presented and this omission allows Bergonzi to concentrate on the literary achievement of his subject. Despite the brevity of the book (226 pp.) all necessary scholarly apparatus is present. An appendix contains two early stories written by V/ells. The selective bibliography, containing both works by V/ells and about him, is separate from the footnotes. Bergonzi's book achieves what many massive crit ico-biographical works fail to do: it brings a fresh reading to V/ells' stories and thereby enhances both the enjoyment and meaning of V/ells' work. THE EARLY H. G. V/ELLS is an admirable piece of criticism. Its virtues stem from its limitations, which permit Bergonzi to concentrate on a few novels and short stories and explore them thoroughly. Purdue University E. s. Lauterbach BOOKS RECEIVED Listing here does not preclude the publication of a review in a future issue of EFT. Publishers receive two copies of the review. Barnet, Sylvan, Morton Berman, and William Burto. A DICTIONARY OF LITERARY TERMS. Boston, Toronto: Little, Brown, i960. Paper. Bree, Germaine (ed.) CAMUS. A COLLECTION OF CRITICAL ESSAYS. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1962. Paper. Spectrum Books, $1.95. Brombert, Victor (ed.) STENDHAL. A COLLECTION OF CRITICAL ESSAYS. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1362. Paper. Spectrum Books. $1.95. Cassell, Richard A. FORD MADOX FORD: A STUDY OF HIS NOVELS. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins P, I96I. $5.50. Cecil, David. POETS AND STORY-TELLERS. NY: Barnes & Noble [I36I]. $3.50. Clark, Wi11iam Ross (ed.) DISCUSSIONS OF CHARLES DICKENS. Boston: D. C. Heath, I96I. Paper. See the allegorical interpretation of "The Magic Shop" by J. 0. Bailey, "Is Science-Fiction Art? A Look at II. G. Wells," EXTRAPOLATION, Il (Dec I960), I7-I9. 2 Bernard Bergonzi, "The Publication of THE TIME MACHINE 1894-5," REVIEW OF ENGLISH STUDIES, Xl (Feb I960), 42-51. 67 Cox, James M. (ed.) ROBERT FROST. A COLLECTION OF CRITICAL ESSAYS. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1962. Paper. Spectrum Books. $1.95. Fiser, Webb S, MASTERY OF THE METROPOLIS. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1962. Paper. Spectrum Books. $1.95. Girard, Rene (ed.) PROUST. A COLLECTION OF CRITICAL ESSAYS. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1962. Paper. Spectrum Books. $1.95. Gullason, Thomas A., and Leonard Casper (ed.) THE WORLD OF SHORT FICTION. AN INTERNATIONAL COLLECTION. NY: Harper, 1962. Paper. Heath, William (ed.) DISCUSSIONS OF JANE AUSTEN. Boston: D. C. Heath, I96I. Paper, Hepburn, James G., and Robert A, Greenberg (eds.) MODERN ESSAYS: A RHETORICAL APPROACH. NY: Macmillan, 1962. Paper. Kall ich, Martin. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL MILIEU OF LYTTON STRACHEY. NY: Bookman Associates, I96I. $4.00, Kenner, Hugh (ed.) T. S. ELIOT. A COLLECTION OF CRITICAL ESSAYS. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1962. Paper. Spectrum Books. $1.95. Levin, David, and Howard E. Hugo (eds.) VARIETIES OF ENGLISH AND AMERICAN PROSE. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, I962. $5.00. Livingstone, Ray. THE TRADITIONAL THEORY OF LITERATURE. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota P, 1962. $4.50. Macdonald, A. M. (ed.) ETYMOLOGICAL ENGLISH DICTIONARY. NY: Philosophical Library, I960. $6.00. Mazzeo, J. A. (ed.) REASON AND THE IMAGINATION. STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF IDEAS: 1600-1800. NY: Columbia U P; Lond: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962. $6.50. Pearce, Roy Harvey (ed.) WHITMAN. A COLLECTION OF CRITICAL ESSAYS. Englewood Cliffs, MJ: Prentice-Hall, 1362. Paper. Spectrum 3ooks. $1.95. Scholes, Robert E. (comp.) THE CORNELL JOYCE COLLECTION. Ithaca: Cornell U P, I96I. $5.00. Schorer, Mark (ed.) SINCLAIR LEWIS. A COLLECTION OF CRITICAL ESSAYS. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1962. Paper. Spectrum 3ooks. $1.95. Stang, Richard (ed.) DISCUSSIONS OF GEORGE ELIOT. Boston: D. C. Heath, i960. Paper. Swabey, Marie Collins. COMIC LAUGHTER. A PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAY. New Haven & Lond: Yale U P, I96I. $5.00. Thompson, John. THE FOUNDING OF ENGLISH METRE. NY: Columbia U P; Lond... 2ff7e9595c
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